Judge Aileen M. Cannon, who Mr. Trump appointed to the bench in 2020, is scheduled, for now, to preside over his first appearance in Federal District Court in Miami.

Former President Donald J. Trump’s criminal indictment on charges stemming from his handling of classified documents will be overseen — at least initially — by a federal judge who a higher court criticized for handing him a series of unusually favorable rulings during the early stages of the investigation, according to five people familiar with the matter.