I think you're describing protocols rather than algorithms For a chat program you can look at xmpp, or matrix, both are open protocols for chat apps. You can find info about how they communicate in RFCs or Google "xmpp architecture"
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP links to the RFCs for that.
Self hosting what?
In general
More than once I've wondered if I can make something look like google fit to other apps, obviously would have to be on a degoogled rom, which limits its utility for a wider audience.
Binary data. In the case of lz it was a carefully "corrupted" archive.
To be fair, the title says more apps, not all apps..
Under the dock?
What happens if you plug the stick into another box and check it for errors
Its pretty good, for most people there isn't anything missing
Actions can't be triggered by workflow dispatch
Pull requests can't wait for status checks
Its peg where I live 🤷
My thinking runs: is it possible to implement the APIs that are called to use google fit, assuming they run through google play services or something
On some cars that empty space where the clutch would be is the handbrake
"Its easy, right. Just ..."
Turnwise and widdershins. I read it in a book once.