I've always heard it described as Minecraft meets Primitive Technology. I would say that is quite accurate. Maybe some (optional) Don't Starve like elements where you have to worry about the temporal rift (sort of like insanity) and drifters (largely at night).
Technology progression is much slower than Minecraft. Also much more involved. Want a stone axe? You have to place a stone on the ground and use another stone to knap it into shape first. Make an iron shovel? You have to heat up the ingot first and then beat it into shape on an anvil. If you are too slow and it cools down you have to heat it up again.
Farming has 3 nutrient groups, so fertilizers and crop rotation is important.
Leather making is a multi step process of soaking hides in various liquids.
It has a built in and very extensive guide/wiki. It also has a native Linux build.
I personally use C# via Visual Studio only so I don't have too much experience outside of this, but I know Visual Studio Code has a C# extension and VSCodium should also work. If you are set on really not using as much of Microsoft's products as possible, you will still have to use the dotnet sdk. From the terminal you would then call
dotnetsuch asdotnet new,dotnet build,dotnet run, etc.https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/tools/dotnet
dotnet sdk is open source -> https://github.com/dotnet/sdk