Why are maglev trains still rare?
They were invented decades ago.
They have fewer moving parts than wheelbois.
They require less maintenance.
There's obviously some bottleneck in expanding maglev technology, but what is it?
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It isn't. Most decision makers of capitalism are very unaware of science. You'd know this if you work in research. The ideas that see light of day do so not because they're good in any quantifiable sense. It is because they convince the capitalists. This can be affected by so many things that aren't merit or even cost based.
Some things make sense from a cost perspective, but not a profitability perspective. Profit isn't just about cost. There's margins, competition, longevity, etc. Something can be of moderate costs, but if the margins are too low or it is too long term or a project, it is of low value to capitalists.
I'm really struggling to understand what you're getting at here.
Whether or not a decision maker is aware of science, their products will still be subject to the laws of physics.
For example?
To simplify it, when capitalism answers "is it worth the cost?", it is not answering "is the benefit of this thing to society worth the cost?". They're answering "are the profits I would get out of this and the risk worth the cost?". And profits do not always agree with what's good for society.
One example of moderate-to-low cost investments that are of demand in society but not very profitable and hence does not see focus is low-income housing (at least in the US). Housing developments disproportionally target high income or even luxury housing, as the margins on those are far better (but the costs are also much higher). Even nowadays, that this trend has been going on for a while, and luxury housing has really fallen out of demand (which greatly increases the risk), it continues. Luxury housing still looks a better investment to investors, when society does not need more luxury housing. It needs more moderate and low income housing.
I think OP is just thinking of “cost” to mean capex. Whereas most real-world cost evaluations consider capex, opex, and opportunity cost, among others. Something having low cost but low margins will usually have a large opportunity cost, which increases the total real cost.