Is RAID1 over USB Reliable?

In my experience, noooooo.

I've had too many momentary disconnects with USB devices to trust that on a 24/7 server.

An early server I built had a large USB backup drive for a RAID5 array and every month there was usually something that went wrong.

Well, nothing is reliable over USB type A. If you don't want to DIY you can get a USB JBOD with type-c like this one or that one or this cheaper one. They'll get the job done for a price. :)

However, there are easy ways to get reliable SATA ports from m2 slots that your framework has. NVME to 6 SATA ports: https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005004263885851.html

To power the disks you can use ANY standard ATX power supply (get something brand-gold second hand for 20$). To make sure the PSU stays ON, just plug a wire between the green and any black wire.

Another option for power is to get a cheap 12V power supply and a step down DC/DC to provide 5V. If you don't have it a SATA cable like this is helpful. Simply cut the white plug and attach the red cable (5v) to the output of the DC/DC and the yellow one (12V) directly to the power supply.

There's also these dual output power supplies that you can regulate to 12v+5v but frankly I would just go for the option above as it will be safer.

Make sure you check every voltage and polarity before plugging anything into your power supply!!

I do not recommend it. I ran two USB hard drives for over a year in BTRFS RAID1, and I had millions of errors repaired every month when I scrubbed it.

There should be an m.2 port for the wifi chip,you can buy sata expansion cards there, sthg like this:

Search for "m.2 key e sata". Use wired net on a usb dongle, if it doesn't have an ethernet port

I’ve been running some external drives on my server for about a year now. In my experience, hard drives with an external power supply suffer less from random disconnects. The specific PC also makes quite a large difference in reliability. My server is just a regular desktop and has very little problem staying connected and powering my 3 external drives. My seedbox is an old laptop, and has been having almost constant problems with random disconnects and power issues. Maybe test how well your framework does with some external drives before committing to the plan?

I plan to RAID1 them and use them as boot drives

This will not work unless the mainboard is handling the RAID control in firmware. If you are doing software RAID then the OS must boot before the array can be accessed.

If you just want to set up a NAS, you can get a used PowerEdge tower for very little money, and it will work a lot better than what you have planned.

The big factor is the chip make in the USB enclosure/adapter. Realtek is most reliable, followed by Asmedia. JMicron is garbage (will get hot and drop connection).

What's your goal by using RAID1? Do you really need redundancy — keep the system alive if the main drive good down?

If you only need backup then you don't need RAID, and that should fare much better — just take an incremental snapshot to the USB drive periodically and let it sleep the rest of the time.

You should probably only do this if you’re using an enclosure that connects all the disks over a single cable. That way if it gets unplugged or otherwise disconnected, all the disks get disconnected, and they remain in sync. Otherwise, get very familiar with resyncing drives.

Been running raid1 on USB for over a decade. Avoid chaeap USB stuff, get foot brand USB boxes and preferably a JBOD multi-disk enclosure, since they tend to be the best quality.

Never had a disconnect.

Beware to properly label your driver tough, as Linux software raid (I use that) tend to hiccup on boot if the kernel reassign USB devices after a reboot.

You are quite likely to regret going down this route. Should do what you have to to get the drives properly connected.

Acronyms, initialisms, abbreviations, contractions, and other phrases which expand to something larger, that I've seen in this thread:

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Erasure coding may be a better option than RAID.

I did see a m.2 based expansion card based on ASM1166 chipset, or failing that a sata port multiplier, but those depend on the data port supporting it

I have minipc that only has one drive slot. I use an external thunderbolt enclosure with a eNVM drive in it

It works ok for me but don't expect great performance and reliability.

I am using a terramaster d6-320 connected with usb-c.

It has been running zfs disks for proxmox via a geekom a5 mini pc since February. It has lost contact with the drives twice so far, more than a month between each time so I don't know the cause. I am mostly happy with the setup, but of course it is annoying when it fails

No. USB is not designed to be reliable. It's designed to be plug and play. Don't plug and play with your data.

USB-storage isn't reliable.

Period.

ANY fscking thing that bumps any connection, can break the dam link.

Then your kernel can re-label the device when it re-connects,

and you've got to reassemble your RAID.

just my experience.

use ANY other method you can, other than USB.

stick a SATA adaptor on there somewhere, if you can.

Get a different motherboard.

ANYthing, but not USB.