There’s an entire book dedicated to answering your question: The World Without Us.
The Wikipedia article I linked summarizes a lot of the book, but I recommend reading it since the details are fascinating.
TL;DR:
The longest-lasting evidence on Earth of a human presence would be radioactive materials, ceramics, bronze statues, and Mount Rushmore. In space, the Pioneer plaques, the Voyager Golden Record, and radio waves would outlast the Earth itself.
Won't there also be evidence of raw materials that got mined out?
Probably. Metals etc. are far out of "equilibrium distribution", even if all mines collapse without a trace.
Almost certainly, depending on the time scale. Physical constructs will eventually break down, but the impact on the environment in total will likely be able to be deduced for millions of years.
For example, we already have a good record of the five previous mass extinction events, and can tie them directly to geological causes. On our current trajectory, a sixth wouldn't necessarily tie well to any other factors other than the activity of a dominant species. This is one of many factors in the proposed geological epoch of the anthropocene.
I've heard that our nuclear impact will be seen for a very very long time from all the nuclear testing we did
And plastics
And our fertilizers
A sharp increase in Carbon-14 would be visible for a few thousand years.
The rest of the elements released by nuclear testing? Not so much. Cs-137, and Sr-90 both have half lives of about 30 years. That means that after about 300 years, they're both completely decayed into their daughter products.
Now, Cs-137 decays into Ba-137, which is stable. It's also naturally occurring as about 11% of all Barium.
Sr-90 decays to Yt-90, spends a few days as such and then decays to Zr-90, another naturally occurring isotope. Zr-90 is a bit over 50% of all naturally occurring Zirconium.
You're thinking on the scale of thousands of years, you need to think on the scale of millions
The stuff humans have left on the Moon and Mars would probably be good indicators.
And a Tesla roadster flying about in orbit somewhere
I would guess that things like massive landfill dumps would be almost impossible to wipe all trace of. There's no natural process that can collect that huge number of different chemical elements in such high amounts into a single location. So even if literally everything manmade has broken down to its consistent elements, the presence of a mile-wide radius plot of earth containing every solid element in the chart would be a clear indicator that an advanced civilization must have been there.
A very thin smear of exhaust fumes, long-chain hydrocarbons, and rare radioisotopes.
Also a very clear mass extinction event.
They will wonder why our entire civilisation was based around plastic bags.
Ironically, our best bet is probably our space junk. Leave as much of our stuff in space and on the moon as possible.
Most stuff in space would lose orbit pretty soon and fall in the Earth's atmosphere, or into the sun (for James Webb)
The moon hasn't yet.
But it will eventually. It just happens to be a large enough mass in a stable-ish orbit to last a long time. The same isn't true of most of our space junk.
The moon is moving away from earth at a rate of about 1 inch per year. If the sun didn't expand and consume us first, this would likely continue for the next 50 billion years, putting the moon at more than 3x it's currentndistwncenf om earth.
Yes, even in millions of years, traces of human civilization should still be easily detectable by a future civilization. The geological record will contain many elements that don't occur naturally and would point to an industrial civilization. Some relics of human civilization will fossilize or otherwise be preserved. Finally, there will be well preserved human-made objects in space, either in high earth orbit or on the moon.
Won't they be blasted by space radiation in the long run?
The nuclear waste will be radioactive for thousands of years, it will probably be radioactive longer than our current recorded history as a whole. Think about that, ever since humans started recording our history, our nuclear waste will be radioactive longer than that.
This place is not a place of honor.
Depends entirely on how long until the "next intelligent species to arise" (no reason to expect it ever will)
There will be strangely distributed concentrations of various materials in any sediment layer from our period, such as iron, copper, aluminum, hydrocarbons, and various minerals. A lot of these will be in relatively small areas and also laid out in clearly artificial geometric patterns, especially in straight lines.
I watched a special years ago about what would happen to our infrastructure, buildings, etc if humans just blinked out of existence. The show start off advancing time, touching on events as they might occur. The very last thing to withstand the test of time was Mount Rushmore, due to be carved from granite. Mount Rushmore would stick around for a very very very long time and would be the last trace of us. But that's just that one TV show special's opinion, but it sounds pretty.....solid to me.
I wonder if Mt. Rushmore would be obvious if you’ve never seen a primate. If a super alien species is investigating, I can imagine them not realizing that it was designed by sapient life.
I'd think that any alien species advanced enough to travel the stars would see a row of consistent shapes etched into the rock and realize it couldn't be nature. Maybe one face like rock sure, but 4 faces etched would be too big a coincidence and I think aliens would pick up on that. Now they wouldn't be able to tell much about us as a species other then we could work rock pretty well. They'd have no idea of what our bodies look like, or that the hair carved into the stone were soft strains of protein instead of a hard helmet like carapace. But I think they'd get intelligent life created the carvings on Mount Rushmore.
Fertilizer is what I've heard.
Long after the weight of ages has ground our works and bones to scattered dust, the changes we've made to the nitrogen cycle will stick out in the geologic record.
The jump from base levels of nitrogen to the obviously unnaturally higher amounts that would remain in layers from our time just wouldn't have any explanation other than something did it on purpose. There's basically no way for that level of increase to occur in what is geologically the blink of an eye without industrial capacity. Or that's what I've heard.
There would be signs, but I don't think there is any guarantee that a new intelligent life form would care to look for such signs, or that they'd have the type of intelligence that would be able to interpret the signs of our existence and conclude that we had existed in their distant past.
At best, our existence would be one of several theories explaining abnormalities about the Earth that future intellectuals would argue about.
Micro plastics in the earth.
AOL and Compuserve CDs.
Just a wee microscopic layer of plastic in the geological sediment.
Earth: Now with a bright & delicious hard candy shell!
The pyramids.
There's a few random projects that aim to store bulk data and human information in durable materials.
Professor Peter Kazansky, from the ORC, says: "It is thrilling to think that we have created the technology to preserve documents and information and store it in space for future generations. This technology can secure the last evidence of our civilisation: all we've learnt will not be forgotten."
I'm learning most of the articles are all based on this guy from 2013 until now it's still been in mostly research phase though proof of concepts have been done.
I'm trying to find evidence of another thing I swear I heard about where someone had some instructions from first principals how to read the data, but all the way from something like understanding the language to data format. I listened to something in a tech podcast but can't find it.
Any remaining Ice Sheets will have an accurate record of air emissions such as Carbon where the depth roughly equals the time since, and since just before the Industrial Revolution the amount of carbon emission shot up like the face of a cliff compared to the hundreds of millions of years before it.
Depends on when the next intelligent species arises. Maybe they were the one that drove us to extinction!
But even if it takes a few million years, we've build massive amounts of infrastructure that won't be going away anytime soon.
If we are talking millions of years it will become more and more unlikely that there will be anything left to find. In those timespans new geological formations happen.
Look at fossils as example. Yes, we have quite a lot of them but they stretch over a couple hundred million years, so imagen the things we don't know about these periods. Now consider that modern humanity has been around for about 12 k years and the chances of researchers finding remains of our infrastructure in many million years by chance become tiny, just like the layers of sediment containing our remains.
What's imho a lot more plausible is, that future researchers might find traces of our lasting impact on the atmosphere aka climate change in Arctic ice and wonder what caused it, prompting them to dig around in geological formations from our period which then might lead to some discovery.
The crust has a few tectonically stable regions that have never slid into the mantle. This is where we've found rocks that date all the way back to 2-3 billion-ish years. We call them geologic shields.
Our current activities would leave chemical markers in these regions that would be detectable for a very, very long time, and could come from no known natural process.
Otherwise you're right, everything else eventually slides into the mantle and gets turned back into magma over a long enough timeframe.
To be fair, the effect of stuff being cycled back into the mantle doesn't destroy every human artifact regardless, given that some of our constructs aren't even on earth. Though I'm not sure that the odds of anyone actually finding one of our space probes is that high, the solar system is a big place after all.
Look at fossils as example. Yes, we have quite a lot of them but they stretch over a couple hundred million years, so imagen the things we don’t know about these periods
I get your point. But then again look at how many fossiles there still are. And those are all biologically, easily degraded. We've build quite sturdy things and even if only a tiny fraction survives there should be plenty for future archeologist to figure out that there was some civilisation at work.
With the extend that humans have changed the planet, we should leave a very obvious geological marker. Like suddenly there is plastic in the sediment layers ...
But then again look at how many fossiles there still are. And those are all biologically, easily degraded.
Like suddenly there is plastic in the sediment layers …
If we were to go extinct today, these layers would be incredible thin. 12 k years of human history is a blink of an eye in terms of geological timeframes and for most of that we didn't produce long lasting materials.
I have really appreciated your thoughts on this question. There are many different ways that we can think about this, and I appreciate every one of the ways that you have all espoused. Bravo! Thanks for answering my rather generic question.
Yeah maybe a few liars.
Our radio signals floating through space.
Maybe saphire phone screens ?
We were a ... something? That will be completely irrelevant for whoever comes next.
Nokia 3310
It'd still be charged
That, and my old gameboy
There’s an entire book dedicated to answering your question: The World Without Us.
The Wikipedia article I linked summarizes a lot of the book, but I recommend reading it since the details are fascinating.
TL;DR:
Won't there also be evidence of raw materials that got mined out?
Probably. Metals etc. are far out of "equilibrium distribution", even if all mines collapse without a trace.
Almost certainly, depending on the time scale. Physical constructs will eventually break down, but the impact on the environment in total will likely be able to be deduced for millions of years.
For example, we already have a good record of the five previous mass extinction events, and can tie them directly to geological causes. On our current trajectory, a sixth wouldn't necessarily tie well to any other factors other than the activity of a dominant species. This is one of many factors in the proposed geological epoch of the anthropocene.
What about plastics?
You think plastic lasts millions of years?
I've heard that our nuclear impact will be seen for a very very long time from all the nuclear testing we did
And plastics
And our fertilizers
A sharp increase in Carbon-14 would be visible for a few thousand years.
The rest of the elements released by nuclear testing? Not so much. Cs-137, and Sr-90 both have half lives of about 30 years. That means that after about 300 years, they're both completely decayed into their daughter products.
Now, Cs-137 decays into Ba-137, which is stable. It's also naturally occurring as about 11% of all Barium.
Sr-90 decays to Yt-90, spends a few days as such and then decays to Zr-90, another naturally occurring isotope. Zr-90 is a bit over 50% of all naturally occurring Zirconium.
You're thinking on the scale of thousands of years, you need to think on the scale of millions
The stuff humans have left on the Moon and Mars would probably be good indicators.
And a Tesla roadster flying about in orbit somewhere
I would guess that things like massive landfill dumps would be almost impossible to wipe all trace of. There's no natural process that can collect that huge number of different chemical elements in such high amounts into a single location. So even if literally everything manmade has broken down to its consistent elements, the presence of a mile-wide radius plot of earth containing every solid element in the chart would be a clear indicator that an advanced civilization must have been there.
A very thin smear of exhaust fumes, long-chain hydrocarbons, and rare radioisotopes.
Also a very clear mass extinction event.
They will wonder why our entire civilisation was based around plastic bags.
Ironically, our best bet is probably our space junk. Leave as much of our stuff in space and on the moon as possible.
Most stuff in space would lose orbit pretty soon and fall in the Earth's atmosphere, or into the sun (for James Webb)
The moon hasn't yet.
But it will eventually. It just happens to be a large enough mass in a stable-ish orbit to last a long time. The same isn't true of most of our space junk.
The moon is moving away from earth at a rate of about 1 inch per year. If the sun didn't expand and consume us first, this would likely continue for the next 50 billion years, putting the moon at more than 3x it's currentndistwncenf om earth.
Yes, even in millions of years, traces of human civilization should still be easily detectable by a future civilization. The geological record will contain many elements that don't occur naturally and would point to an industrial civilization. Some relics of human civilization will fossilize or otherwise be preserved. Finally, there will be well preserved human-made objects in space, either in high earth orbit or on the moon.
Won't they be blasted by space radiation in the long run?
The nuclear waste will be radioactive for thousands of years, it will probably be radioactive longer than our current recorded history as a whole. Think about that, ever since humans started recording our history, our nuclear waste will be radioactive longer than that.
This place is not a place of honor.
Depends entirely on how long until the "next intelligent species to arise" (no reason to expect it ever will)
There will be strangely distributed concentrations of various materials in any sediment layer from our period, such as iron, copper, aluminum, hydrocarbons, and various minerals. A lot of these will be in relatively small areas and also laid out in clearly artificial geometric patterns, especially in straight lines.
I watched a special years ago about what would happen to our infrastructure, buildings, etc if humans just blinked out of existence. The show start off advancing time, touching on events as they might occur. The very last thing to withstand the test of time was Mount Rushmore, due to be carved from granite. Mount Rushmore would stick around for a very very very long time and would be the last trace of us. But that's just that one TV show special's opinion, but it sounds pretty.....solid to me.
I wonder if Mt. Rushmore would be obvious if you’ve never seen a primate. If a super alien species is investigating, I can imagine them not realizing that it was designed by sapient life.
I'd think that any alien species advanced enough to travel the stars would see a row of consistent shapes etched into the rock and realize it couldn't be nature. Maybe one face like rock sure, but 4 faces etched would be too big a coincidence and I think aliens would pick up on that. Now they wouldn't be able to tell much about us as a species other then we could work rock pretty well. They'd have no idea of what our bodies look like, or that the hair carved into the stone were soft strains of protein instead of a hard helmet like carapace. But I think they'd get intelligent life created the carvings on Mount Rushmore.
Fertilizer is what I've heard.
Long after the weight of ages has ground our works and bones to scattered dust, the changes we've made to the nitrogen cycle will stick out in the geologic record.
The jump from base levels of nitrogen to the obviously unnaturally higher amounts that would remain in layers from our time just wouldn't have any explanation other than something did it on purpose. There's basically no way for that level of increase to occur in what is geologically the blink of an eye without industrial capacity. Or that's what I've heard.
There would be signs, but I don't think there is any guarantee that a new intelligent life form would care to look for such signs, or that they'd have the type of intelligence that would be able to interpret the signs of our existence and conclude that we had existed in their distant past.
At best, our existence would be one of several theories explaining abnormalities about the Earth that future intellectuals would argue about.
Micro plastics in the earth.
AOL and Compuserve CDs.
Just a wee microscopic layer of plastic in the geological sediment.
Earth: Now with a bright & delicious hard candy shell!
The pyramids.
There's a few random projects that aim to store bulk data and human information in durable materials.
https://www.popsci.com/technology/5d-disc-stores-500-tb-of-data/
I'm learning most of the articles are all based on this guy from 2013 until now it's still been in mostly research phase though proof of concepts have been done.
I'm trying to find evidence of another thing I swear I heard about where someone had some instructions from first principals how to read the data, but all the way from something like understanding the language to data format. I listened to something in a tech podcast but can't find it.
Any remaining Ice Sheets will have an accurate record of air emissions such as Carbon where the depth roughly equals the time since, and since just before the Industrial Revolution the amount of carbon emission shot up like the face of a cliff compared to the hundreds of millions of years before it.
Depends on when the next intelligent species arises. Maybe they were the one that drove us to extinction!
But even if it takes a few million years, we've build massive amounts of infrastructure that won't be going away anytime soon.
If we are talking millions of years it will become more and more unlikely that there will be anything left to find. In those timespans new geological formations happen.
Look at fossils as example. Yes, we have quite a lot of them but they stretch over a couple hundred million years, so imagen the things we don't know about these periods. Now consider that modern humanity has been around for about 12 k years and the chances of researchers finding remains of our infrastructure in many million years by chance become tiny, just like the layers of sediment containing our remains.
What's imho a lot more plausible is, that future researchers might find traces of our lasting impact on the atmosphere aka climate change in Arctic ice and wonder what caused it, prompting them to dig around in geological formations from our period which then might lead to some discovery.
The crust has a few tectonically stable regions that have never slid into the mantle. This is where we've found rocks that date all the way back to 2-3 billion-ish years. We call them geologic shields.
Our current activities would leave chemical markers in these regions that would be detectable for a very, very long time, and could come from no known natural process.
Otherwise you're right, everything else eventually slides into the mantle and gets turned back into magma over a long enough timeframe.
To be fair, the effect of stuff being cycled back into the mantle doesn't destroy every human artifact regardless, given that some of our constructs aren't even on earth. Though I'm not sure that the odds of anyone actually finding one of our space probes is that high, the solar system is a big place after all.
I get your point. But then again look at how many fossiles there still are. And those are all biologically, easily degraded. We've build quite sturdy things and even if only a tiny fraction survives there should be plenty for future archeologist to figure out that there was some civilisation at work.
With the extend that humans have changed the planet, we should leave a very obvious geological marker. Like suddenly there is plastic in the sediment layers ...
You got that one the wrong way around. These fossiles are still here because of the special environmental circumstances in which they formed. Most biological matter decomposes without a trace.
If we were to go extinct today, these layers would be incredible thin. 12 k years of human history is a blink of an eye in terms of geological timeframes and for most of that we didn't produce long lasting materials.
I have really appreciated your thoughts on this question. There are many different ways that we can think about this, and I appreciate every one of the ways that you have all espoused. Bravo! Thanks for answering my rather generic question.
Yeah maybe a few liars.
Our radio signals floating through space.
Maybe saphire phone screens ?
We were a ... something? That will be completely irrelevant for whoever comes next.